Kinkajou : WE have had a long introduction to the quantal energy states of atoms, protons and electrons in orbit around atoms. We have introduced
Energy levels in valences.
Energy level changes due to electron spin up and spin down (fine splitting)
Energy level changes due to electron orbital interactions (hyperfine splitting)
Energy Level changes with Proton magnetic axis alignment changes:  with spin aligning to external fields.

We have introduced RF or electromagnetic fields: aka the humble photon as the level for changes in these systems.

These things are important, because we need to avoid putting energy into systems which we know will suck up our energy.
We need to avoid triggering valence and spin interactions.

We want all our energy to be translated into gravity , not converted into electromagnetic energy e.g. heat.

Spectra of Light

Erasmus : The key issue we propose in generating gravity is:
How do you change the energy of atoms without triggering valence or spin effects?

If you do change the energy of an atomic system e.g. by changing the magnetic dipole moment of an electron without triggering valence, spin or alignment effects, where does the energy go in relaxation mode?

Because we know that it cannot be radiated as a photon because the quantal determinants for photon generation by our atomic systems have not been met. The “energy” has to go somewhere else. But Where and How?

Kinkajou : I believe the breakthrough: generating gravity is more of an engineering problem than a technological one. We were generating and using radio waves, a long time before we fully understood the science. The theory helped us very little in the practical creation of radio waves. Learning to generate gravity in a practical way will teach us the science of generating more gravity – and then generating gravity faster, more efficiently and controlling gravity better as well..

Kinkajou : MRI science is important in the generation of gravity since electron related effects require a lot more energy than proton related interaction. So to achieve maximum gravity yield we will likely need to avoid input frequencies equal to the Larmor frequency
and to attempt to keep incident energies under the energy of the Larmor frequency photons. These energy levels are well under the valence and splitting effect energy levels.

Kinkajou : The next discussion block looks at the world of gravity. Understand the world of gravity and look at gravity at work, and perhaps we can work out how to manipulate “gravity” in our world.

Quantum Wave Particle

Goo : The key question to ask is what is gravity? Let’s do some thought experiments to consider its properties.

Kinkajou : Basic Observations
Gravity is the” effect” responsible for   the structures in astronomical objects: comets, asteroids, moons, planets, stars and black holes.

Astronomical Structures

Erasmus : Let’s put two particles near each other and let them be “gravitationally attracted to each other”.

There are some assumptions. We do believe that two bits of matter: (let’s choose some neutral particles such as two neutrons or two atoms) - will be attracted to each other by gravity. If repulsion were to occur to any significant extent, in effect, it would prevent the coalescence of matter and the formation of astronomical objects: moons, planets, suns and black holes.

Gravity is a very weak force. So to stop interference with the gravitational attraction, we need to remove other opposing or interfering forces. (We need to ‘control’ our experiment by removing confounding variables). Neutral matter for our experiment is essential- such as atoms or neutrons, to remove the effect of electrostatic forces.  A temperature of absolute zero would remove kinetic energy effects. (Heat energy would make the bits of matter bounce around like billiard balls, swamping gravitational effects.)

Kinkajou : What Happens to our Two bits of Neutral matter placed in proximity?
Erasmus : The two bits of matter come together and stay together.
They have in effect created “gravity well “which keeps the two objects together. Nothing Exotic or Challenging!

But, there is a problem here.

The new state has a lower energy than the initial state. So where has the energy gone? No kinetic energy has been created- the objects are at rest with each other. No photons have been emitted: no electromagnetic energy. No other particles or force carriers are involved. If gravitons exist: the two bits of matter have exchanged “gravitons”. So where is the energy gone?

Energy Balance

Erasmus : The answer lies in that you need another frame of reference outside of 3D + T (three physical dimensions and time) spacetime. Let’s call our home base 3DT spacetime for our discussions. The ‘new’ frame of reference- we will call x3DT spacetime.

The two bits of matter have a lower energy in this our” spacetime”. But a “relationship “has formed on the other side of the brane (separating our spacetime (3DT spacetime) from what we believe to be gravity’s spacetime- i.e. x3DT spacetime. This “relationship” must hold the lost energy of the two coalesced bits of matter.

We have energy balance, but the energy no longer exists in our 3DT spacetime. It does not exist as new “gravity””. Gravity has no energy or mass.  It can only exist as a “relationship” (Rel) between bits of matter, this “relationship” storing energy- but ‘out’ of our space time.

Goo : To think anything else would imply that we are creating energy. We cannot do this. All our knowledge of the science of elementary particles is based on one fundamental principle: balance of energy and therefore balance of momentum and other possible energy related states such as Mass.

Momentum Balance:
an important scientific principle.

Goo : ‘Energy Before’ must equal ‘Energy After’.

Erasmus : Otherwise we are creating energy and consequently mass. Creation of energy would violate most of the rules on which our knowledge of particles and forces in physics is based.

 The possibilities for the other dimensions existing in x3DT spacetime are:
Spin / polarisation
Charge: electro magnetic
Colour
Velocity
This brane: location

Erasmus : Key Conclusions: “Relations” must exist in x3DT spacetime to allow energy balance in gravitational effects. Look at the coming together of a few bits of matter and ask where has the energy gone when a new low energy state is formed by the coalescence of matter.

Kinkajou : Let’s do another thought experiment.
Basic observations:   Matter does not evaporate.

Erasmus : Let’s put a proton and electron in proximity to each other in space, at absolute zero to remove thermal effects (thermal kinetic energy) and in an area where there is no gravity or a flat gravitational field.

The Proton and Electron will be attracted to each other. Current belief is that this attractive force occurs   because the proton and electron exchange force carriers: the photon (an electromagnetic force carrier).

The problem is how often this occurs.

Evaporating Matter

We believe that the smallest unit of time is approximately 10 e-35 seconds. This means that for there to be no gap in the attraction” a force particle will need to be exchanged each 10 e-35 seconds. Even if particles are not exchanged this often, the particles in transit are “created matter or energy “and violate the principle of conservations of mass and energy.
Goo : Even the creation of a single force carrying boson violates the Law of the Conservation of Energy.

Kinkajou : Since the mass of each atom / electron / photon is invariant or quantified- there cannot be discharge or exchange of force e.g. via photons (electrostatic force).

Erasmus : The conclusion:  There can be no force carriers in transit to allow for electrostatic attraction to occur. However if you were to go looking for them, they will always be found where Physics theory tells you they should be. The only problem is that it is not possible for them to be there.

Kinkajou : The answer to this dilemma is basic.
Particles cannot be in transit.
Particles will be found in transit exactly where they are expected or calculated to be, by an observer interacting with the system.

That's ridiculous! You may as well look for a cat in a box , and always expect top find one even if you know that there isn't one there.

Erasmus : If you seek them as an observer, you need to interact with the force carrier to detect it. So it will be found exactly where it should be. The interaction follows physical rules. But if you do not interact with the Photon, it is not there. The attractive force of the photon can only be exchanged between charged particles of matter instantaneously- an effect disregarding the existence of time and space. An effect that can only exist instantaneously in x3DT spacetime. However they will be found in “transit “if interacted with- exactly where they should be in transit in time and space 3DT spacetime. Exactly where our physical laws of non-quantum physics say they will be.

Erasmus : They just do not exist there unless you interact with them.

Schrodinger's Cat Paradox

I have always had problems with the Schrodinger’s Cat Paradox. And this is it. Does the box contain a cat (or a photon)? The answer is NO. But if you open the box you will always find one. The photon or cat cannot exist but it will always be found where it should be if you interact with the force carrier (box) to detect it. The attraction event follows the rules of our 3DT spacetime but electrostatic attraction occurs as an event on the other side of the brane (outside our 3DT spacetime- in x3DT spacetime).

The photon which is the force carrier is exchanged instantaneously (or in fact does not exist). Its momentary existence would violate the rules of Conservation of Mass / Energy. The force mediated by the photon exists primarily as   a “relationship” outside of our 3DT brane spacetime and is instantaneously exchanged. Therefore the event of attraction between a proton and an electron creates no energy and does not violate the conservation of matter/ energy rule.

Goo : I see. Matter / energy is not created by the interaction, Matter does not evaporate to supply energy for the interaction.

Erasmus : Swaps are instantaneous, but are limited by “c” in transit. Alternatively, swaps do not exist unless an observer interacts with the frame of reference.

Erasmus : Key Conclusions: “Relations” must exist in x3DT spacetime to allow energy balance in electrostatic effects. If this were not true, our physical world could not exist as matter would evaporate in the process of interacting with other bits of matter. It is a strange paradox. There can really be nothing in transit without violating the Law of the Conservation of Energy, but it will always be found exactly where science says it should be.

Kinkajou : And then here’s the next big problem. If we believe that the Universe is expanding, there will need to be an increasing amount of e.g. photons or other forces in transit with the expansion of the Universe. So where does this matter or energy come from?

Gravity Earth and Moon

Erasmus : The answer is that there is no extra energy being deployed to maintain attraction in an expanding Universe. A bond exists between interacting 3DT particles or mass.  The bond exists as a relationship in x3DT spacetime. At all times energy balances, if both frames of reference are considered.

An increasing expanding Universe does not requires more and more particles in transit to maintain attraction or cohesion. An expanding Universe does not lose energy as increasing space between particles or mass, requires less and less energy to maintain attraction. We believe the Universe will expand infinitely.
What is, is. And that’s what is. It stays as it is. Stable energy in 3DT + x3DT spacetime.

Kinkajou : Now re gravity: highlighting another problem. All our rules regarding the actions of gravity are observational. We see gravity acting between planets, stars etc. We are not seeing or detecting emitted gravity. We see only “swapped” gravity or the x3DT relationship of gravity affecting matter. We see gravity acting on photons causing red shift or blue shift or deviation in spacetime. Gravity causes interactions or effects between bits of matter.

Kinkajou : But these observations suggest gravity exists as a relationship between matter in x3DT spacetime with visible displacement effects following force like rules in 3DT spacetime.

Erasmus : I think the problem here is that we have never come to the point of generating gravity as we have in generating photons: as RF, as light as magnetic forces or whatever. We are caught in the observational frame of reference and always see two interacting bodies where gravity is concerned. Once we learned to generate photons, we lost the observer perspective. We will generate new rules of gravity once we learn to make gravity: much the same as we have done for electromagnetic particles/ waves: photons. We will lose the ‘interaction’ perspective when we just see the gravity we have generated ‘doing stuff’.

Kinkajou : Photon Characteristics
A photon has zero rest mass. But it is always moving and cannot be still, so it has movement energy and mass or relativistic energy or mass
The velocity of a photon relative to an observer is always “c”.
The velocity of a photon relative to the universe is always “c”.
The velocity of a photon relative to another photon is always “c”.
Velocity within 3DT spacetime is always “c” maximum.
Velocity within x3DT spacetime (on the other side of our brane), is always infinite or instantaneous.

Light Jet Escaping Black Hole

Kinkajou : Next Thought Experiment:
Orthodoxy: Nothing Escapes from a Black Hole.
Erasmus : The reality is that visible light cannot escape from a Black hole (by definition - otherwise the hole is not black). So any physical particle with higher mass and not exceeding the speed of light certainly will not do so. Light is the highest energy/ smallest mass, highest speed particle that exists. . So if it cannot exceed the escape velocity of a black hole, nothing else will.

But Gravity escapes from a black hole. In fact, the bigger the black hole, the more gravity escapes. So it is not true to say that nothing can escape from a black hole.

Kinkajou : The next key question here is- is it possible to have a grey hole, not a black hole””?

Erasmus : Let’s think about the mechanics of photon escaping from a variety of gravity wells such as a sun.
As the sun becomes progressively bigger, energy is removed progressively from photons trying to escape so that eventually only the highest energy photons are able to escape. (Use a brown dwarf rather than a hot white sun as your picture of a sun).

Erasmus : This suggests that the key concept for an astronomically large object is not just escape velocity but threshold energy at escape velocity, escape velocity for light being a fixed quantity.  Perhaps other concepts such as escape momentum may be more relevant. We discuss alternate measures later.

To Progress with this observation:
So some low energy photons do not escape from Big Objects while some high energy photons may escape.

Since some photons: the lowest energy photons do not escape from some astronomical bodies, but other higher energy photons do escape ,escape velocity for relativistic particles such as photons is an invalid concept. An escape velocity is an escape velocity. It becomes obvious that low energy photons do not escape while high energy photons do escape, high energy photons becoming progressively red shifted in the process.

Kinkajou : Considering the Black Hole as our Astronomical Object
Exceptions and Considerations: Let’s Discuss This Some More.

Erasmus : Not all black holes are the same size.
It is possible that a black hole is big enough to stop visible light photons from escaping but not quite big enough to stop cosmic rays from escaping. A cosmic ray attempting to escape will lose a lot of energy, but could escape as a low energy magnetic photon: essentially not visible in the light spectrum.

A black hole is defined for the lack of visible light that escapes, so we are not looking at other photons that just escape: such as magnetic photons. If infrared scapes from a black hole, we would be calling the astronomical structure a Brown dwarf- just under the Chandrasekhar limit, not a black hole. So it should be possible that there are structures such as small black holes or large brown dwarf suns, leaking radiation of lower energy than infrared e.g. magnetic or radio waves, but not leaking visible light.

The definition of “black hole” would be expected to have a fuzzy edge.

Brown Dwarf Sun

Kinkajou : The concept called into question here is “escape velocity”. Since light is limited to the speed of light, does the ‘energy’ of the light make a difference to this calculation. The answer is yes. As we have stated, escape velocity for relativistic particles such as photons is likely an invalid concept.

Erasmus : Volume Size of particles seeking to escape is also likely an irrelevant concept. Each particle seeking to escape from let’s say a “grey hole’, interacts with “every” particle in the black hole.  In the quantum world force is mediated by ‘exchanging particles’ which is a one to one effect, not by creating a dense energy field which eventually thins out to almost zero. So a particle escaping no matter how big or how far gets interacted to the same extent (1 to 1), but the “forces” decrease depending on usual physical factors affecting forces: distance being the most obvious.

The Chandrasekhar limit is the maximum mass of a stable white dwarf star. The currently accepted value of the Chandrasekhar limit is about 1.4 Solar Masses (2.765×1030 kg).

White dwarfs resist gravitational collapse primarily through electron degeneracy pressure, compared to main sequence stars, which resist collapse through thermal pressure. The Chandrasekhar limit is the mass above which electron degeneracy pressure in the star's core is insufficient to balance the star's own gravitational self-attraction. Consequently, a white dwarf with a mass greater than the limit is subject to further gravitational collapse, evolving into a different type of stellar remnant, such as a neutron star or black hole. Those with masses up to the limit- remain stable as white dwarfs.

Steven Hawking Grey Holes

Erasmus : Key Observation: What are the mechanics of light escaping from a black hole? The concept of “escape velocity” may be flawed. It is possible that energy density at speed may matter. If a Photon is stripped of energy at a specific rate by a gravitational field, it follows that photons above the threshold will retain energy in excess of the threshold and will not be extinguished.

Goo : So what happens if we keep on increasing the energy of photons in the cosmic ray band? Surely we reach a point where the energy is enough to allow escape.

Erasmus : There is a cap to the energy level of photons. A photon essentially can have its energy level increased but only to a specific maximum  level at which point it becomes an elementary particle: the smallest being a pair of Muon Neutrinos: a pair being essential to conserve spin, charge being zero for photons and Muon neutrinos.

The key issue with escape from a black hole is equivalent mass afflicted by gravity. Photons have no limit on the number density per unit volume and it follows that the highest energy (or mass) per unit volume would be found in a Cosmic Ray photon. Energy would be removed by gravity as a function of the effect of the field on the particle. As energy is removed from a photon that is trying to escape, it follows that only the highest energy photons have a possibility of escape.

Red Shift on Photons

Goo : Which has highest energy cosmic rays?
Erasmus : Ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) are extremely energetic subatomic particles (mostly protons, but also some heavier atomic nuclei) with energies greater than 10E15 eV. The record holder so far is a UHECR with energy of 3×10E20 eV. This does not exceeds the mass of a Muon neutrino 0.5 Mev/c2=.45 e22

So if a photon cannot escape, a weightier particle will not escape. Its “mass “guarantees an interaction with gravity.
But if the black hole were small enough and the photon big enough, it may have sufficient escape velocity to escape as a magnetic photon.

Then of course, you could not call such a stellar object a black hole. A brown dwarf or a grey hole may be a more appropriate description.

It would be unlikely that higher energy and therefore higher mass particles would escape if a photon would not. We presume that elementary particles have less relativistic energy (though more mass energy) than a photon and hence would be less likely to escape. All mass interacts with gravity.

Erasmus : Conclusion:
Gravity escapes from back holes in large quantities. The larger the black hole, the more gravity escapes. This suggests that gravity has no mass and no energy and therefore CANNOT be a force. If gravity were a force, with a particle such as a graviton being a force carrier, it could do work if applied over a distance. This equates to energy. We know that gravity has no energy as it could not otherwise escape from a black hole.

Look at the effects of Black Hole Size on Gravity. If gravity were a very small force, it would still be affected by gravity. But, you would expect less gravity escaping as black holes increase in size, not more. This again suggests that gravity does not have energy or mass size in our physical dimension: the 3DT brane. (3DT spacetime).

Perhaps grey holes are possible with non-visible light escaping from the black holes – in effect a residuum red shifted higher energetic photons. Each black hole can have a theoretical escape energy level for a relativistic particle of zero dimensions. A calculated escape velocity threshold in effect: likely to give a calculation in excess of the speed of light.

Kinkajou : But is this an escape velocity for a given photon energy?

Erasmus : To Solve this?
We could create a conditional equation therefore whereby we create a supra-relativistic (over “c”) escape velocity for high energy particles. Or the concept of threshold energy for non-matter particles such as photons of infinitely small size may be more relevant. Photons are special as in the standard model there is no theoretical limit on the number of particles in a specific volume of space, unlike for other matter particles we know,
I.e. fermions= quarks + leptons (including neutrinos).
I am sure other proposals would solve this dilemma. No matter what though, the concept of escape velocity is doomed.

There may be a whole new batch of escape criteria relevant to black holes: These comments are just for curiosity not to propose gaps in Standard Model of Particle Physics and Forces.
Escape relativistic energy threshold,
Escape supra-relativistic momentum
Escape velocity is a concept which loses meaning when particles of maximum speed such as photons fail to escape.

Energy density (Energy per unit volume)?? Does size matter? Does a black hole apply more energy to big particles rather than small ones? E.g. Can a Muon neutrino escape from a black hole?  Can higher energy photons escape from a small black hole, though visible light cannot? Particle volume size is unlikely to be a factor as our information suggests that in the quantum world, forces interact in a one to one manner, with their magnitude dependent on 3DT characteristics but the actual mechanisms of the interaction being one to one at any distance.

Erasmus : Conclusion: The concept of Escape Velocity for astronomical objects may not be relevant to variable energy relativistic particles such as photons with a fixed maximum velocity such as “c”.

Kinkajou : Can neutrinos cross a black hole?
Erasmus : No.

Erasmus : A neutrino can go right through the Earth, but it can’t go right through a black hole. That’s because a neutrino always travels close to or perhaps at the speed of light. A neutrino has mass energy. If a photon cannot escape, the characteristics of a mass particle suggest that it is even less likely to escape.

The escape velocity on the event horizon (the “point of no return”) in a black hole is precisely the speed of light, meaning that nothing with rest mass (i.e. nothing slower than light) can escape it.

Kinkajou : Next Thought Experiment

Erasmus : A photon approaching a black hole: is blue shifted as its energy level increases.
Á photon leaving a gravitational source is red shifted as its energy level decreases.

Kinkajou : Gravity has no energy and therefore no mass. So how can it be changing the energy of a photon?

Energy is not being created or injected into the 3DT spacetime frame of reference.

Erasmus : The concept of blue shift or red shift is useful in understanding what is happening.  If the photon gains 10% energy it must increase its frequency by 10% as E = hf. Frequency can be increased either by “DISPLACING”” the photon wave particle into less space or less time.
Conversely, when a photon is red shifted, say 10%, the frequency and energy decreases. Frequency can be decreased by “DISPLACING”” the photon wave particle into more space or more time.

Our traditional interpretation of events is that gravity is a force that is adding or removing energy from the photon However, since gravity has no mass and no energy to give to the photon, it can only be ‘displacing’ the photon in 3DT spacetime.

There is a problem, however that the energy level of the photon has changed. But if gravity has no force, no mass and no energy, how do you balance the energy of the Doppler shift transaction. The only way to balance the energy equation is to put the energy on the x3DT side of the balance sheet, effectively on the other side of the brane. A relationship forms in x3DT spacetime between the photon and the source of the gravity which holds the energy change in 3DT spacetime for the photon.

This gets even more complicated if the photon is extinguished. i.e. The energy of the photon becomes zero. the photon has been 'displaced' to zero. OK. But where is the energy.

Possibilities:
1. A 'Rel' forms between the source of the gravity and the photon.
2. A dark photon forms in x3DT spacetime. This is an interesting concept because it implies the presence of an invisible form of energy and hence mass, outside our frame of reference in x3DT spacetime but still possibly affecting 3DT spacetime. Can dark photons escape from a Black Hole? Could this be a source of Dark Matter? Can this elementary invisible particle be tapped as a source of energy?

Kinkajou : What about a ‘particle’ accelerated or decelerated by gravity. Same problem.

Erasmus : So how do you balance the energy equation? We can see what is happening in 3DT spacetime. But where is the energy in x3Dt spacetime. Our previous example of two neutral particles attracted by gravity was easy. A relationship between the particles forms on the x3DT side of the balance sheet and this is energetic.

But in the photon example there is only the photon and gravity as the two interacting species.

Kinkajou : How do you balance the transaction?
Erasmus : There needs to be an equal energy change on the x3DT side of the balance sheet. The photon needs a dimension whereby increasing the energy in 3DT, decreases the energy in x3DT. (Or vice versa). One explanation of this inverse relationship may suggest that tightening the string in 3DT, loosens the string in x3DT. Yanking it on one side loosens it in the other.

The issue becomes is the relationship between bit of matter in 3DT a type of string that also allows tightening on one side and loosening on the other. The relationship in x3DT spacetime forms between the photon and the source of the gravity.

It becomes more of a problem if the photon is extinguished: such as trying to escape from a black hole. Again the energy needs to remain in the dual frame of reference and must exist as a higher energy state in x3DT spacetime.

Erasmus : The quantum world demands that every particle in the known universe has a relationship with every other particle to allow the effects of gravitational and electrostatic attraction. These relationships set thresholds for the other known interactions between matter: strong and weak nuclear forces, suggesting that these tighten/loosen relationships are only stable for specific particles for specific constraints: different for each of the forces - of course.

But gravity is a “displacement” effect in 3DT but a relationship or tighten/loosen effect in x3DT.

Erasmus : Gravity also likely works on different particles differently. Where a particle is a photon “essentially a wave in 3DT spacetime, gravity can affect space or time aspects of the relativistic particle. Where gravity affects a macroscopic object, the displacement affects predominate in space. But not in time. Rocks are attracted by gravity or more accurately are displace in space by gravity. Time displacement effects are much less visible or observable for macroscopic objects. They still do exist though. Notice the need to adjust the atomic clocks of orbiting satellites to allow for variations in the magnitude of the earth’s gravitational field, (Earth being not quite round in many respects).

Time and Gravity

Erasmus : Observations:
Time slower with more gravity
Time slower with inertial frame of reference. Only more obvious as relativistic speeds are attained.

There is a Need to adjust clocks for orbiting satellites: gravity changes 3DT spacetime and changes the measurement of time.

Erasmus : Summary:
Gravity is a displacement in spacetime, affecting time or space or both. We talk about time dilation and spacetime curvature. Both are consistent with the idea of gravity as a displacement affecting 3DT.

Where gravity acts on macroscopic objects, it cannot act to displace the time of the multiple bound individual particles. It hence acts like a force, effectively displacing the macroscopic object in “space”.

Perhaps though one day the world of Star Trek may come to exist whereby we can displace macroscopic objects in 3DT: Space or Time perhaps with gravitational effects.
So in the quantum world, gravity acts on a single particle such as a photon to create space-time displacement. But in a Newtonian world it acts predominantly to create a force equivalent displacement.

Our assessment of the Universe as missing matter: having dark matter in effect, will need to be reconsidered if we can accept that our measurements may be affected by displacement effects of gravity which we are interpreting and using in calculations of force and therefore “mass”.

Kinkajou : Do you have any other interesting facts about gravity?
Erasmus : Gravity we believe goes outwards from an astronomical body such as the sun.
The direction of propagation is 180 degrees out of Phase with the direction of action.

Gravity is likely to affect the amount of magnetism escaping from an astronomical object such as our Sun.
If lower energy photons do not have sufficient energy, they are likely to be red shifted to zero or blackout. This suggest that high gravity astronomical objects are likely to produce less magnetic field than would normally be expected for the amount of mass, heat or size of the astronomical object.

Sun Earth Magnetic Field

Certainly our Sun has a magnetic field of 1.0 Gauss.
Jupiter has a magnetic field of 7.86 Gauss
Earth has a magnetic field of 0.5 Gauss.

Obviously size effects are important. Also keep in mind that photons have great difficulty escaping from the Sun. So only photons born in the outer reaches of the photosphere are in a location from whence escape is even remotely possible.

Conclusions